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Pantheism is the belief that the universe (or nature as the totality of everything) is identical with divinity, or that everything composes an all-encompassing, immanent God. Pantheists thus do not believe in a distinct personal or anthropomorphic god. Some Eastern religions are considered to be pantheistic. ==Pantheists== * Vyasa (3rd millennium BCE) writer of Mahabharata. * Nammalvar (3059 BCE), one of the twelve Alvars.〔"Journal: Humanities, Volumes 40-44", publisher = University of Madras, p. 76 - 90〕 * Lao Tzu (604 BCEunknown) name traditionally given to the writer of the Tao Te Ching, and considered the founder of philosophical Taoism.〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Heraclitus (c. 535 BCE – c. 475 BCE), pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher". * Adi Shankara〔"Dialogues on the Hindu Philosophy Comprising the Nyaya, the Sankhya, the Vedant ... by K. M. Banerjea", p. 434〕(509–477 BCE) or (788–820 CE) known for consolidating the doctrine of ''Advaita Vedānta''. * Johannes Scotus Eriugena (c. 815c. 877), Irish theologian, Neoplatonist philosopher, and poet.〔Alexander Campbell Fraser "Philosophy of Theism", a collection of lectures from 1896 pg 80-82〕 * Amalric of Bena (died c. 1204–1207), French theologian, father of medieval pantheism, after whom the Amalricians are named. * Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He was burned alive for his pantheist views.〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), Jewish-Dutch philosopher, has been called the "prophet"〔Picton, J. Allanson, "Pantheism: Its Story and Significance", 1905〕 and "prince"〔Fraser, Alexander Campbell "Philosophy of Theism", William Blackwood and Sons, 1895, p 163〕 of pantheism. * Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic. His alleged confession of Spinozism led to what is known as the pantheism controversy of the 1780s. * Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), German philosopher, one of the creators of German Idealism〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), German philosopher.〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), German writer, artist, and politician. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, and over 10,000 letters written by him are extant, as are nearly 3,000 drawings. * Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets. He also composed other chamber music, choral works (including the celebrated Missa Solemnis), and songs. He has also been labeled a theist as well. * Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields. * Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), American author, poet, philosopher, freemason, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.〔Howe, Daniel Walker, ''What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848''. ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7, p. 623.〕〔Harding and Bode, eds., The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau, 294. "I was born to be a pantheist."〕 * Walt Whitman (1819–1892), American poet, essayist and journalist.〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Robert G. Ingersoll (1833-1899), lawyer, Civil War veteran, political leader, orator, and notable agnostic.〔"I am a pantheist" Interviews, Robert G. Ingersoll, p. 246.〕 * Felix Klein (1849–1925), German mathematician. * Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), Late-Romantic Austrian composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. * Claude Debussy (1862–1918), French composer. * Carl Jung (1875–1961), Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology. Jung proposed and developed the concept of the collective unconscious from a pantheistic worldview.〔Andrew Reid Fuller, Psychology and Religion: Eight Points of View, p. 111, "Jungian pantheism"〕〔Spencer, John, "New Heavens, New Earth, 2002, p 25 "It was from this pantheistic world-view that the famous psychologist Carl Jung developed his notion of a “collective unconscious,”"〕〔WK Kay, "Jung and world religions" 1997, Taylor & Francis "He believed himself to be possessed of two personalities, one pointing towards science and the other towards pantheism and the arts."().〕 * Albert Einstein (1879–1955), German theoretical physicist, one of the most prolific intellects in human history, identified with Spinoza's God and called his own views on God "pantheistic".〔Einstein, Albert "Gelegentliches", Soncino Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1929, p. 9, ""This firm belief, a belief bound up with a deep feeling, in a superior mind that reveals itself in the world of experience, represents my conception of God. In common parlance this may be described as "pantheistic" (Spinoza)."〕〔Isaacson, Walter (2008). ''(Einstein: His Life and Universe. )'' New York: Simon and Schuster, (pp. 388-389. ) Reported by the ''New York Times'' 25 April 1929 under the headline ("Einstein believes in 'Spinoza's God'" )〕 * D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930), English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter.〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Robinson Jeffers (1887–1962), American poet, known for his work about the central California coast.〔Levine, Michael P.; 1994; ''Pantheism: A Non-theistic Concept of Deity''; Routledge, 1994; ISBN 0-203-01477-4, ISBN 978-0-203-01477-6〕 * Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988), Galician-born American physicist and Nobel laureate, recognized in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging. He was also involved in the development of the cavity magnetron, which is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens. * Ansel Adams (1902–1984), American photographer and environmentalist.〔"We are now sufficiently advanced to consider resources other than materialistic, but they are tenuous, intangible, and vulnerable to misapplication. They are, in fact, the symbols of spiritual life -- a vast impersonal pantheism -- transcending the confused myths and prescriptions that are presumed to clarify ethical and moral conduct. The clear realities of nature seen with the inner eye of the spirit reveal the ultimate echo of God. ..." - 〕 * Janusz Korczak (1878–1942), Polish-Jewish educator, children's author, and pediatrician. * Alan Watts (1915–1973), British philosopher, writer, and speaker.〔"As an unabashed pantheist I am naturally a full-blooded transubstantiationist, knowing full well that the ground wheat of bread and crushed grapes of wine are the body and blood of Christ, the Anointed One, or olive-oiled man who is so slippery that he has no hangups." - 〕 * Pete Seeger (1919–2014) American folk singer. * Jose Mujica (1935present), Uruguay president. * Alan Vega (1938present), American vocalist, primarily known for his work with electronic protopunk duo, Suicide. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of pantheists」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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